ECONOMIC GROWTH AND MILITARY EXPENDITURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

This study aims to provide an analysis of military expenditure, political stability, and the total of the workforce on economic growth through the GDP during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cross-section data for 40 countries with upper-to-middle income levels was used to analyze the evolution for the periods 2010-2019 and 2019-2020. For the period 2010-2019, there was a general decrease in the percentage of Gross Domestic Product devoted to Military Expenditure, but the real value per capita increased in many countries, due to the effect of the increase of real production per capita. In the year 2020 the Pandemic diminished the real value of Military Expenditure in a few countries. Military expenditure, as well other components of Public Expenditure, and the total Labor Force/Workforces for 40 developing countries with upper-to-middle-income levels have shown a positive and significant impact on the value of GDP, which means that they encourage economic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2022 Asociacion Euro-Americana de Estudios del Desarrollo. All rights reserved.

Work-related Stress Among Nurses During Covid-19 Pandemic and Its Correlation with Workload, Working Environment, Shift Work and Working Period

Introduction: The increase in physical and mental workload due to the Covid-19 pandemic has increased the risk of work-related stress (WRS) in nurses. WRS may also impact on the health of individuals, organizations, and national economies. The objective of this study was to examine WRS on nurses and analyze its correlation with the workload, work shifts, work environment, age, gender, educational background, and working period. Methods: An analytical survey with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 139 nurses in the medical, surgical, maternity, pediatrics, polyclinics, and medical check-up unit, using a cluster random sampling method. WRS was assessed by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the workload was measured by the time-motion study. Age, gender, educational background, working period, shift work, and physical work environment were measured using a questionnaire. Data analysis used Pearson product-moment and Cramer’s V. Results: Most of the nurses experienced WRS within severe (0.7%), moderate (24.5%), and mild (29.5%) categories. WRS was significantly related to workload (p=0.000), shift work (p=0.045), work environment (p=0.000), and working period (p=0.016). Conclusion: The WRS that occurs in nurses during the Covid-19 pandemic is quite high. Immediate countermeasures are needed to prevent prolonged stress and to reduce such negative impacts among nurses. © 2022 UPM Press. All rights reserved.